EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing. It is a structured therapy that helps your brain finish processing a distressing memory, so that when it comes to mind it feels more like something that happened to you than something still happening. The memory does not disappear. Its grip loosens.
It is recommended for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder in the NICE guideline on PTSD (NG116), and it is one of the talking therapies the NHS lists for PTSD.
The work moves through phases rather than jumping around:
- History and assessment, where you and your therapist map out what is going on and what you want to be different
- Preparation, where you build grounding skills and a way of pausing that you both trust
- Processing, where you hold a specific memory in mind while doing bilateral stimulation
- Strengthening a more helpful belief about yourself, so something steadier takes root in place of the old one
- Review at the start of the next session, checking what has shifted and what still needs attention
Bilateral stimulation is the part people ask about most. It simply means something that alternates left and right while you hold the memory in mind: your eyes following a moving dot on screen, sounds alternating between your headphones, or tapping alternate sides of your own body. Online, your therapist usually controls a shared visual tool on screen, or guides your eye movements by hand on camera, or asks you to tap your own knees or shoulders. Whichever method you agree on, you test it together before you use it on anything difficult.
A session tends to follow the same shape. You check in, agree what you are working on, settle on a target memory and the belief attached to it, then process in short sets with a pause after each one so you can say what came up. Towards the end your therapist slows things down deliberately, grounds you, and closes properly rather than at the stroke of the hour. You stay awake, aware and able to stop at any point. And you do not have to narrate every detail of what happened. Much of the processing happens without you describing it out loud.